![]() Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in Iran has been described in gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep (benzimidazole and levamisole resistance) and horses (benzimidazole resistance). In Iran, studies assessing the field efficacy of anthelmintics and the detection of anthelmintic resistance have been performed since 2007. In recent years, anthelmintic resistance has been a prevalent problem in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of animals in virtually every region of the world. Following the encouraging findings in the poultry industry, levamisole has generally been used for the prevention and treatment of ascarid infections. Levamisole is one of the imidazothiazole derivatives that is a potent and efficient anthelmintic for gastrointestinal nematode infestations in poultry, companion animals, and swine, and also against lungworms. This is essential in the poultry industry where benzimidazoles are veterinary drugs extensively used for treatment and prevention of parasitic infestations. Fenbendazole is one of the safest drugs used in food animals in terms of food residues. These anthelmintic compounds inarguably have the most extensive therapeutic effect against diverse parasites species, excellent anti-parasitic efficacy, and low toxicity in treated animals. Since the introduction of benzimidazole drugs in the 1960s, they have been used broadly in a wide range of species for the control of parasitic helminths. In Iran, three broad-spectrum anthelmintic classes with different modes of action are listed for practice in livestock: the imidazothiazoles (e.g. Not surprisingly, the control of gastrointestinal parasites in poultry is restricted by the high cost of anthelmintics, unreliable availability, and the growing occurrence of drug resistance. Consequently, practical parasite control approaches are required to support poultry health and production and hence to confirm the sustainability of poultry products. Helminth parasitism remains one of the most significant widespread infestations in rural chickens worldwide due to scavenging habits in free-range raising chickens, causing clinical and subclinical diseases, which hinders food production and chicken health. However, the growing demand for chicken products from free-range production systems is hampered by the heavy burden of reemergence of diverse poultry helminths. Traditional free- range chickens provide a critical source of food and income for these people. Graphical Abstractĭomestic chickens play an important role in the economics of rural regions of small societies worldwide. Additional larger scale studies are required to determine the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in the poultry industry. Given the results of our study, resistance can be expected in the parasitic helminths of poultry. Our results indicated that fenbendazole and levamisole effectively reduced the number of nemathodes in three Iranian domestic chicken flocks. were the most generally resistant nematodes followed by Trichostrongylus spp. ![]() The result of this study revealed that fenbendazole was a better and more effective dewormer than levamisole on the three Iranian domestic chicken flocks, but the difference was not significant. ![]() In general, fenbendazole and levamisole treatment led to significantly lower activity. Fenbendazole at a dose of 5 mg kg −1 BW for 3 days showed an efficacy of 83.7% ( P ≥ 0.05), and levamisole at a dose of 16 mg kg −1 BW showed 71.8% efficacy ( P ≥ 0.05) with geometric mean eggs in a gram of feces of 100 and 199.6, respectively. ResultsĮxamination of three flocks of chickens from the control group showed that 95.0% of the animals were infected with gastrointestinal nematodes with an average geometric value of 361 eggs per gram of feces. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by comparing fecal egg counts in the treated and control groups. Ninety chickens in the infected groups received one of the following treatments (d 0 of treatment): Group 1: 5 mg kg −1 body weight (BW) fenbendazole for 3 consecutive days Group 2: 16 mg kg −1 BW levamisole Group 3 control: placebo, water + DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). The infected chickens were randomly divided into three equal groups of 30 each. ![]() Of 45 domestic chicken flocks involved in the study, 20 flocks were selected to participate in fecal egg count reduction testing based on flock size from April 2017 to September 2018. The present study deals with a field trial to study the efficacy of two generally used anthelmintics, fenbendazole and levamisole, against gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic chickens in northern Iran. With the increasing number of free-range domestic chickens, helminth parasites have potentially become more of a threat to commercial flocks in recent years, and routine poultry deworming is needed to improve the efficiency of chicken production.
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